ABSTRACT:
Pharmacogenomics is revolutionizing diabetes management by replacing the traditional trial-and-error prescribing method with data-driven, personalized drug selection. While standard treatments like Metformin remain first-line, individual responses vary significantly due to genetic polymorphisms in transporters and metabolic enzymes. Current research focuses on how specific genetic variants—such as those in the SLC22A1 gene for Metformin or KCNJ11 and ABCC8 for Sulfonylureas—dictate both clinical efficacy and the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Furthermore, the emergence of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors has highlighted the need for genomic predictors to identify "super-responders" versus those at risk for gastrointestinal intolerance or ketoacidosis. By integrating Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing into routine clinical workflows, providers can optimize glycemic control faster, enhance patient adherence, and minimize the economic burden of ineffective therapies, marking a definitive shift toward hyper-personalized metabolic care