ABSTRACT:
Since you’ve now covered the core types, pathophysiology, and complications, here is a professional abstract and a set of keywords designed to tie all those sections together into a single, cohesive academic paper.AbstractDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic syndrome characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of DM, beginning with the distinct pathophysiological mechanisms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. While Type 1 is defined by autoimmune-mediated $\beta$-cell destruction, Type 2 involves a progressive decline in insulin sensitivity coupled with secretory dysfunction.A significant portion of this review is dedicated to the clinical manifestations of the disease, categorizing complications into acute metabolic crises (e.g., DKA and HHS) and chronic vascular damage. We examine the progression of microvascular injuries, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, alongside macrovascular risks including coronary artery disease and stroke. By synthesizing the molecular basis of glucose-mediated cellular damage—specifically the role of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs)—this paper underscores the critical necessity for early diagnostic screening and multifaceted management strategies to improve long-term patient outcomes and reduce the global burden of diabetic morbidity.